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<ArticleSet>
<Article>
<Journal>
				<PublisherName>انجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایران</PublisherName>
				<JournalTitle>فصلنامه علمی مطالعات  فقه اقتصادی</JournalTitle>
				<Issn>2676-7163</Issn>
				<Volume>7</Volume>
				<Issue>5</Issue>
				<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
					<Year>2025</Year>
					<Month>11</Month>
					<Day>23</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Examining the Conditions and Elements of Civil Responsibility of Non-Governmental Organizations that Pollute the Air</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>بررسی شرایط و ارکان مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای غیردولتی آلوده کننده هوا</VernacularTitle>
			<FirstPage>232</FirstPage>
			<LastPage>250</LastPage>
			<ELocationID EIdType="pii">241057</ELocationID>
			
<ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.22034/ejs.2026.469996.1889</ELocationID>
			
			<Language>FA</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
					<FirstName>ستایش</FirstName>
					<LastName>سرلک</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.</Affiliation>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>عبدالوحید</FirstName>
					<LastName>وفایی</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه معارف اسلامی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.</Affiliation>

</Author>
<Author>
					<FirstName>مهدی</FirstName>
					<LastName>میهمی</LastName>
<Affiliation>گروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-8279-9319</Identifier>

</Author>
</AuthorList>
				<PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
			<History>
				<PubDate PubStatus="received">
					<Year>2024</Year>
					<Month>07</Month>
					<Day>05</Day>
				</PubDate>
			</History>
		<Abstract>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;Background and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;Aims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Air pollution is one of the major problems of Iran. One of the important factors of air pollution is non-governmental organizations. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to examine the conditions and elements of the civil liability of non-governmental organizations that pollute the air.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;Materials and methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;Ethical considerations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;Findings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; The findings showed that it seems that the Clean Air Law approved in 2016 has not explicitly addressed the elements and conditions of proving the civil liability of non-governmental organizations and the methods of compensation for damages in case of air pollution. However, according to the general rule of civil responsibility, the realization of harm, the harmful agent and the relationship of causation are the most important elements and conditions for realizing the civil responsibility of non-governmental organizations that pollute the air.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;Result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt; It seems that the difficulty of proving the causal relationship, the number of causes in air pollution, the rule of action and the rule of benevolence are considered to be among the most important obstacles and challenges to verify the civil responsibility of non-governmental organizations in case of air pollution.&lt;/span&gt;</Abstract>
			<OtherAbstract Language="FA">&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;زمینه و هدف:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt; آلودگی هوا یکی از معضلات کلان&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;;&quot;&gt;‎&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;شهرها در ایران است. یکی از عوامل مهم آلودگی هوا، نهادهای غیردولتی است. بر همین اساس&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی شرایط و ارکان مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای غیردولتی آلوده کننده هوا است.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 6.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;مواد و روش‌ها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar;&quot;&gt;مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و داده‌ها نیز کیفی است و از فیش‌برداری در گردآوری مطالب و داده‌ها استفاده‌شده است.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 5.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;ملاحظات اخلاقی: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar;&quot;&gt;در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانت‌داری رعایت شده است.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 5.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;یافته‌ها: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;یافته‌ها نشان داد؛ به نظر می‌رسد قانون هوای پاک مصوب 1396 به طور صریح در مورد ارکان و شرایط اثبات مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای غیردولتی و شیوه‌های جبران خسارات آن در صورت آلودگی هوا نپرداخته است. با این حال مطابق قواعد عمومی مسئولیت مدنی،&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;تحقق ضرر، فعال زیانبار و رابطه سببیت مهمترین ارکان و شرایط تحقق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#039;B Lotus&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای غیردولتی آلوده کننده هوا است.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;; color: #002060;&quot;&gt;نتیجه&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &#039;B Nazanin&#039;;&quot;&gt; دﺷﻮاری اﺛﺒﺎت راﺑﻄﻪ سببیت، ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺒﺎب در آﻟﻮده‌سازی هوا، قاعده اقدام و قاعده احسان از جمله مهمترین موانع و چالش‌های احراز مسئولیت مدنی نهادهای غیردولتی در صورت آلوده کردن هوا تلقی می‌شود.&lt;/span&gt;</OtherAbstract>
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			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">مسئولیت مدنی</Param>
			</Object>
			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">نهادهای غیردولتی</Param>
			</Object>
			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">آلوده کننده هوا</Param>
			</Object>
			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">رابطه سببیت</Param>
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			<Object Type="keyword">
			<Param Name="value">فعل زیانبار</Param>
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			<Param Name="value">ضرر</Param>
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