انجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222An Analysis of Securities Endowment in the International Economic Law System with a Look at the Fundamentals of Intellectual Propertyواکاوی وقف اوراق بهادار در نظام حقوق اقتصادی بین المللی با نگاهی بر مبانی مالکیت فکری11821747010.22034/ejs.2025.485716.1968FAزهرا ساداتمرتضویگروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد نیشابور، دانشگاه آزاد نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران.سید مصطفیمحقق دامادگروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.محمد تقیرفیعیگروه حقوق انرژی و تجارت بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران (دانشکدگان فارابی)، تهران، ایران.Journal Article20240904<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">In the international economic law system, legal issues are considered from the perspective of efficiency and economic criteria in the international arena. In this study, with the same perspective, the endowment of securities books, including securities based on intellectual property, is measured with the aim of economic efficiency and based on economic criteria in the international arena</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The following article uses descriptive and analytical methods and library and survey tools to collect materials. This article examines the subject from a theoretical perspective. The materials discussed are also qualitative</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: In this article, honesty, trustworthiness, and originality of texts are among the most important ethical considerations</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Finding</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: The results of this study indicate that the fundamental goal of international economic law is to create a link between the historical experiences of human societies to achieve progressive sustainable development. The use of the endowment institution can be used as an efficient method for benefiting from the experiences of human knowledge and art in the international arena. Also, today, due to the monopoly on technology and technical knowledge, it is not possible for all countries to benefit from international scientific achievements. This has led to the backwardness of some countries in the process of development and protection of nature. Now, by considering the concept of endowment on intellectual property, an opportunity can be provided for the endowment of knowledge and technology and sustainable economic development within the framework of international economic law guidelines</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Result</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: An endowment institution that is mixed with spiritual goals, especially in the aspect of intellectual property-based securities, can eliminate the monopoly of technology and technical knowledge and, in this way, contribute to the economic development of all countries.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در نظام حقوق اقتصادی بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی، موضوعات حقوقی از منظر نوع کارایی و معیارهای اقتصادی در پهنه بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی مورد توجه قرار می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">گیرد. در این پژوهش نیز با همین دیدگاه، وقف اوراق بهادار از جمله اوراق بهادار مبتنی بر مالکیت فکری با هدف کارایی اقتصادی و بر اساس معیارهای اقتصادی در عرصه بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی سنجیده می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">شود.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">مقاله پیش </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">رو با استفاده از روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با ابزار کتابخانه</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ای و فیش برداری در گرد آوردی مطالب بهره جسته است. این مقاله از منظر نظری به بررسی موضوع مورد نظر پرداخته است. مواد مورد بحث نیز کیفی بوده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در این مقاله، صداقت، امانت</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">داری و اصالت متون در زمره مهم</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ترین ملاحظات اخلاقی رعایت شده است. </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که هدف اساسی در حقوق<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>اقتصادی بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی، ایجاد پیوند میان تجارب تاریخی جوامع انسانی برای نیل به توسعه پایدار مترقیانه است. استفاده از نهاد وقف میتواند بهعنوان روشی کارآمد در بهره مندی از تجارب دانش و هنر بشری در عرصه بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی به کار رود. هم</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">چنین، امروزه به دلیل انحصار در تکنولوژی و دانش فنی، امکان بهرهمندی همۀ کشورها از دستاوردهای علمی بینالمللی وجود ندارد. این امر به عقب ماندگی برخی کشورها در فرایند توسعه و حفاظت از طبیعت منجر شده است. حال با در نظر گرفتن مفهوم وقف بر مالکیت فکری، میتوان در قالب دستور العملهای حقوق<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>اقتصادی بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی، فرصتی برای وقف دانش و فناوری و توسعه پایدار اقتصادی فراهم نمود. </span>
<strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه</span></strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">: نهاد وقف که آمیخته با اهداف معنوی است به ویژه در بعد اوراق مبتنی بر مالکیت فکری میتواند انحصار تکنولوژی و دانش فنی را از بین برده و از این طریق، به توسعه اقتصادی همه کشورها کمک نماید.<strong> </strong></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_217470_13a14330a99790fdc0de8a9d8b79be5f.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222The Fundamental Foundations of Possession of Sale of an Object With Generaldescription in Iranian Jurisprudence and Lawپایه های بنیادین تملیکی بودن بیع کلی در فقه و حقوق ایران193623675510.22034/ejs.2025.465263.1855FAرحیمنیک پوردانشجوی دکتری گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه مازندران،مازندران، ایران.ساممحمدیاستاد گروه حقوق خصوصی،دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران.0000-0001-5064-3096حمیدابهریاستاد،گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران.0000-0002-3800-0538Journal Article20240514<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">One of the important issues in jurisprudence and law is whether the sale of an object with generaldescription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is contractual or possessive. The main purpose of this research is to prove that according to the provisions of the civil law and Islamic jurisprudence, the sale of an object with generaldescription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is a property contract and as soon as the contract takes place, the ownership is transferred</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: In Imamiyyeh jurisprudence and Iranian law, in the sale of an object with generaldescription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as an ownership contract, such as sale of a certain object, in line with Articles 338 and 362 of the Civil Code, the transfer of ownership takes place at the same time as the sale contract occurs, while in legal systems The basis of the transaction type is different</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: The ownership of sale of an object with generaldescription<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Islamic legal system is based on three elements. The first element is the acceptance of the theory of ownership in this system. the second element; Acceptance of debit as a general asset is credit, and finally, the third element is acceptance of due as a container in which debit is placed.</span>زمینه و هدف: یکی از مسایل مهم در فقه و حقوق، عهدی یا تملیکی بودن بیع کلی است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش این است که ثابت نماید براساس مقررات قانون مدنی و فقه اسلامی، بیع کلی عقدی تملیکی است و به محض وقوع عقد، انتقال مالکیت صورت میپذیرد.
مواد و روشها: مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و دادهها نیز کیفی است و از فیشبرداری در گردآوری مطالب و دادهها استفادهشده است.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.
یافتهها: در فقه امامیه و حقوق ایران در بیع کلی به عنوان یک عقد تملیکی، مانند بیع عین معیّن، در راستای مواد ۳۳۸ و ۳۶۲ قانون مدنی انتقال مالکیت، همزمان با وقوع عقد بیع انجام میگیرد در حالی که در نظامهای حقوقی بر پایه نوع مورد معامله متفاوت است.
نتیجه: تملیکی بودن بیع کلی در نظام حقوقی اسلام، بر پایه سه عنصر استوار میباشد. عنصر نخست، پذیرش نظریه تملیک در این نظام است. عنصر دوم؛ پذیرش دین به عنوان یک مال کلی اعتباری میباشد و در نهایت عنصر سوم پذیرش ذمه به عنوان ظرفی که دین در آن قرار میگیرد.https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236755_03d68eeddd00ab6c5f9f4b36d5ec8845.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122Economic Rules Governing Proceedings in Matters of Discretionقواعد اقتصادی حاکم بر دادرسی در امور حسبی375023685210.22034/ejs.2025.481992.1955FAمجتبینادعلیگروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران.احمدمرادخانیگروه فقه و حقوق اسلامی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران.0000-0002-8322-6130داوداندرزگروه حقوق، واحد دماوند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-8654-6674Journal Article20240703<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The judge's vacancy rule is an old rule in subject law that prohibits the judge from interfering with the decision he has previously issued. Customary matters are matters that do not necessarily need to be litigated and the prosecutor or the ruler of Sharia can deal with them. The purpose of this article is to examine the rules governing the proceedings in civil matters</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 4.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used to collect materials and data</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 4.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 4.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: The findings indicate that according to the legal standards in Iranian law, the rule of vacating the judge and establishing the validity of the sealed order in the claims of executory matters is not enforceable, and the judge has the right to change it after drafting the verdict. In fact, considering that knowing the special procedure of each issue will be helpful in handling that issue better</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 5.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: The result is that there is a need to realize this important thing in relation to custom affairs as well, so that while getting to know the specific legal principles related to custom matters and separating these principles from the principles and rules of arbitration matters, in the proceedings as much and better as possible. Rely on these principles so that the objectives of the legislator from establishing these principles are realized, the most important of which is to support people unable to manage their own affairs and maintain public order.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">قاعده فراغ دادرس قاعدهای است کهن در حقوق موضوعه؛ که قاضی را از دخل و تصرف در رأی که سابقاً صادر نموده است ممنوع میسازد. امور حسبی اموری هستند که رسیدگی به آنها الزاماً نیازمند طرح دعوا نیست و دادستان یا حاکم شرع میتواند راساً به رسیدگی آن اقدام نماید. هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی قواعد حاکم بر دادرسی در امور حسبی است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و دادهها نیز کیفی است و از فیشبرداری در گردآوری مطالب و دادهها استفاده شده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">یافتهها بر این امر دلالت دارد که مطابق با موازین حقوقی در حقوق ایران قاعده فراغ دادرس و تأسیس حقوقی اعتبار امر مختومه در دعاوی امور حسبی مجری نبوده و دادرس راساً پس از انشاء رأی حق تغییر آن را دارد. در حقیقت با توجه به اینکه شناخت آیین دادرسی ویژهی هر موضوع، در رسیدگی بهتر به آن موضوع راهگشا خواهد بود.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: نتیجه اینکه نیاز است تا در رابطه با امور حسبی نیز این مهم تحقق یابد تا ضمن آشنایی هر چه بهتر با اصول حقوقی خاص مربوط به امور حسبی و تفکیک این اصول از اصول و قواعد امور ترافعی، در دادرسیها نیز هر چه بیشتر و بهتر به این اصول اتکا گردد؛ تا اهداف قانونگذار از وضع این اصول که مهمترین آنها حمایت از اشخاص ناتوان از اداره امور خود و حفظ نظم عمومی میباشد، تحقق یابد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236852_692c2afc7e17536c2bf8a66c987e8bf0.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122The Position of Negotiation in Resolving Disputes in the Iranian Oil and Gas Industry - A Case Study of the Arash Gas Fieldجایگاه مذاکره در حل و فصل اختلافات صنعت نفت و گاز ایران - مطالعه موردی میدان گازی آرش517223692010.22034/ejs.2025.475045.1930FAحسینحاجیانیگروه حقوق نفت و گاز، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.مهرابداراپورگروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران.0000-0002-5392-4157سماءمهربانیگروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران.Journal Article20240703<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">The Arash gas field, known as Al-Durrah by the Arab countries of the region, is in a very special and unique situation. This gas field is jointly located in the waters of Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and as a result, all three countries claim ownership of this gas field; therefore, there is great uncertainty as to which country has the most ownership of this gas field or, basically, what percentages each country should have of the extraction capacities from this gas field. In a situation where we are faced with such uncertainty, the simplest and most obvious answer in international law is to determine the borders and jointly and peacefully use this gas field. For several reasons, including the imminent presence of foreign companies in the project to extract this gas field, it is very important that the Iranian authorities, while understanding the importance of this issue, begin diplomatic measures as soon as possible and enter into negotiations with the parties.</span>
<span style="font-size: 2.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">: This research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on collecting information through libraries and referring to documents, books, and articles.</span>
<span style="font-size: 2.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">: In the present study, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, impartiality, and originality of the work have been observed.</span>
<span style="font-size: 2.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">: Given the complex geographical conditions of the Arash gas field, it seems that it will be very difficult to decide on it even for the international court, so it is better for the parties to the dispute to cooperate with each other and solve the issues between themselves and resolve this matter through negotiations. If technical negotiations are held and if each of the three countries retreats 10 kilometers from its expected boundaries from the central part of the Arash gas field, an agreement may be reached. Of course, this depends on equal and fair sacrifices by all three countries, and if the representatives of the parties to the dispute consider these sacrifices, they can resolve the issue without a court.</span>
<span style="font-size: 3.0pt;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">: In the current situation of the region, it is felt that in order to maintain stability, security and avoid any new crisis in the region, the officials of the interested countries should, with prudence, wisdom and rationality, continue the previous meetings and away from any media hype and propaganda blackmail, with a positive outlook and a win-win strategy, consult and conduct negotiations to achieve understanding and a fair solution to the existing dispute so that the relevant countries can benefit from its benefits. It seems that the use of peaceful and alternative methods, which are not limited to legal solutions and are very flexible and innovative, while peacefully resolving disputes, will maintain friendly relations and the rights of the parties, reduce costs and speed up the handling of disputes.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">میدان گازی آرش که از سوی کشورهای عرب منطقه به نام الدره شناخته میشود، در یک وضعیت بسیار ویژه و خاص قرار دارد. این میدان گازی به طور مشترک در آبهای ایران، عربستان و کویت قرار داشته و در نتیجه هر سه کشور درباره مالکیت این میدان گازی، ادعا دارند؛ بنابراین ابهام بزرگی مطرح است که کدام کشور بیشترین تملک را بر این میدان گازی دارد یا اساساً ظرفیتهای برداشت از این میدان گازی از سوی هر کشور باید با چه درصدهایی مشخص شود. در وضعیتی که با چنین ابهامی رو به رو هستیم، سادهترین و بدیهیترین پاسخ در حقوق بینالملل، تعیین مرزها و استفاده اشتراکی و مسالمتآمیز از این میدان گازی است. به دلایل متعددی از جمله قریب الوقوع بودن حضور شرکتهای خارجی در پروژه استخراج این میدان گازی، بسیار مهم است که مقامات ایرانی هر چه سریعتر، ضمن درک اهمیت این موضوع اقدامات دیپلماتیک را آغاز نموه و با طرفین وارد مذاکره شوند.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده و روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی است و بر مبنای جمعآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانهای و با مراجعه به اسناد، کتب و مقالات صورت گرفته است. </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در تحقیق حاضر، اصل امانتداری، صداقت، بی طرفی و اصالت اثر رعایت شده است.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">با توجه به شرایط پیچیده جغرافیایی میدان گازی آرش، به نظر میرسد تصمیم در خصوص آن حتی برای دادگاه بینالملل هم بسیار دشوار خواهد بود، بنابراین بهتر است که طرفهای مورد اختلاف با یکدیگر همکاریهای مشترکی داشته و خودشان مسائل فیمابین را حل کنند و این کار را با مذاکره حل و فصل نمایند. در صورتی که مذاکرات فنی صورت بگیرد و اگر از بخش مرکزی میدان گازی آرش هر کدام از ۳ کشور ۱۰ کیلومتر از حدود مورد انتظار خود عقب نشینی کنند، شاید بشود به یک توافق رسید. البته این کار به از خود گذشتگی مساوی و عادلانه از سوی هر ۳ کشور بستگی دارد و چنانچه نمایندگان طرفین اختلاف این گذشتها را در نظر بگیرند، بدون دادگاه هم میتوانند مسئله را حل و فصل نمایند. </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: در شرایط کنونی منطقه احساس میشود به منظور حفظ ثبات، امنیت و اجتناب از بروز هر گونه بحران جدید در منطقه، مقامات کشورهای ذی نفع با درایت، حکمت و عقلانیت در ادامه نشستهای قبلی و به دور از هر گونه جار و جنجال رسانهای و شانتاژ تبلیغاتی با نگاه مثبت و راهبرد برد- برد به رایزنی و انجام مذاکرات تا نیل به تفاهم و حل منصفانه اختلاف موجود اقدام نمایند تا کشورهای ذی ربط از منافع آن منتفع گردند. به نظر می رسد که استفاده از روشهای مسالمتآمیز و جایگزین که صرفاً محدود به راه حلهای حقوقی نبوده و بسیار منعطف و نوآورانهاند، ضمن حل مسالمتآمیز اختلافات، موجب حفظ روابط دوستانه و حقوق طرفین، کاهش هزینه و سرعت رسیدگی به اختلافات میگردد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236920_04f8dfd1688f8014b14114649e6c405d.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222The New Economy of Television Media from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudenceاقتصاد نوین رسانه تلوزیون از منظر فقه اسلامی739023685310.22034/ejs.2025.500802.2025FAسیناواحدزادهگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.عبدالرضاجمال زادهگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.مسعوداحمدیگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.Journal Article20241013<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Rapid technological developments and intense competition in the media industry have presented Islamic televisions with serious challenges. These include: competition with Western media, changes in audience behavior, and issues related to halal and haram. Islamic identity, along with adapting to new technologies such as artificial intelligence, the sharing economy, and securing economic benefits while adhering to jurisprudential principles in content production, requires a comprehensive and dynamic approach based on research.</span><br><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">This article seeks to answer the question of how, in the present era, one can ensure halal and traceable advertising revenues while respecting jurisprudential principles, digital rights, and audience privacy, and at the same time be successful in the media competition arena?</span><br><span style="font-size: 5.0pt;"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: This article is descriptive-analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative, and questionnaires were used to collect the materials and data.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed.</span><br><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: The findings show that jurisprudence, due to its dynamic nature, can provide a valuable framework for designing sustainable and transparent business models, as well as producing quality and attractive content. This framework is achieved by emphasizing concepts such as halal and haram, privacy, intellectual property, and social responsibility.</span><br><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 5.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: Islamic televisions can respond to the needs of the new generation of audiences and compete successfully with Western media by utilizing innovation in content, format, and business models, and by combining jurisprudential principles with modern technologies, while maintaining Islamic identity.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">تحولات سریع فناوری و رقابت فشرده درصنعت رسانه، تلویزیونهای اسلامی را با چالشهای جدی مواجه ساخته است. از جمله: رقابت با رسانههای غربی، تغییرات رفتار مخاطبان و مسائل مربوط به حلال و حرام، هویت اسلامی در کنار تطبیق با فناوریهای نوین مانند هوش مصنوعی، اقتصاد اشتراکی، و تأمین منافع اقتصادی ضمن رعایت اصول فقهی در تولید محتوا، نیازمند رویکردی جامع و پویا مبتنی بر پژوهش است</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">.</span><br><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">مقاله حاضر، درپی پاسخ به این پرسش است که چگونه میتوان درعصر حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصول فقهی، حقوق دیجیتال و حریم خصوصی مخاطبان، همچنین درآمدهای تبلیغاتی حلال و قابل ردیابی را تضمین نمود و درعین حال درعرصه رقابت رسانهای موفق عمل کرد؟</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar;">مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و دادهها نیز کیفی است و از فیشبرداری در گردآوری مطالب و دادهها استفادهشده است.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: IRZar; mso-fareast-font-family: IRZar; mso-hansi-font-family: IRZar;">در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> یافتهها نشان میدهد: فقه، با توجه به ماهیت پویای خود، میتواند چارچوبی ارزشمند برای طراحی مدلهای کسب وکار پایدار و شفاف، همچنین تولید محتوای با کیفیت و جذاب فراهم کند این چارچوب با تأکید بر مفاهیمی همچون حلال و حرام، حریم خصوصی، مالکیت معنوی و مسئولیت اجتماعی، حاصل میشود.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: تلویزیونهای اسلامی میتوانند با بهره گیری از نوآوری در محتوا، فرمت و مدلهای کسب و کار و تلفیق اصول فقهی با فناوریهای نوین، ضمن حفظ هویت اسلامی، به نیازهای مخاطبان نسل جدید پاسخ دهند و در رقابت با رسانههای غربی موفق عمل کند.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236853_01b0ae6c7a396e108f305e8eb668b012.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222Sale by Example in Iranian Jurisprudence and Law and the International Sale of Goods Conventionبیع از روی نمونه در فقه و حقوق ایران و کنوانسیون بیع بینالمللی کالا9110623679010.22034/ejs.2025.473307.1918FAدرناحکیم الهیگروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.0000-0001-5487-0165Journal Article20250606<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The purpose of this article is to examine the sale based on examples in Iranian jurisprudence and law and the Convention on the International Sale of Goods<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: 3.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used to collect materials and data<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: 4.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: 3.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: Selling by sample is legitimate from the point of view of jurisprudence. Compliance of the seller with the sample, having enough opportunity to inspect the goods, being free of hidden defects are the most important implicit conditions of the sale based on the sample. The degree of conformity in sales from the sample should be 100%. In the convention of international sale of goods, two criteria of suitability of goods for normal use and suitability of goods for use with special purposes should be as criteria and solutions for conformity of the goods with the sample<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span></span>
<span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Result</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: The result is that the articles of the civil law do not answer all the issues and ambiguities that arise in the sale by sample. Jurisprudential sources have only mentioned the ruling of this type of sale and the conditions of the sale. Although this gap can be partially filled in the field of domestic law by relying on custom and judicial procedure.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">بیع از روی نمونه ازجمله انواع بیع است که چندان مورد بحث و بررسی قرار نگرفته است. هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی بیع از روی نمونه در فقه و حقوق ایران و کنوانسیون بیع بینالمللی کالا است.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 4.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و دادهها نیز کیفی است و از فیشبرداری در گردآوری مطالب و دادهها استفادهشده است.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 6.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">بیع از روی نمونه از منظر فقه مشروعیت دارد. مطابقت مبیع با نمونه، داشتن فرصت کافی جهت بازرسی کالا، عاری بودن از عیوب پنهانی از مهمترین شروط ضمنی بیع از روی نمونه میباشد. میزان مطابقت در بیع از روی نمونه باید صددرصد باشد. در کنوانسیون بیع بینالمللی کالا دو معیار متناسب بودن مبیع با ویژگیهای معمول و مورد انتظار و تناسب کالا جهت استفاده با اهداف خاص بهعنوان معیارها و راهکارهای تطابق مبیع با نمونه باشد.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 5.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: نتیجه اینکه مواد قانون مدنی به هیچوجه پاسخ گوی تمام مسائل و ابهامات پیشآمده در بیع از روی نمونه نمیباشند. منابع فقهی نیز تنها بهحکم این نوع بیع، و شرایط مبیع اشارهکردهاند. اگرچه میتوان در حیطه حقوق داخلی با اتکا به عرف و رویه قضایی تا حدی این خلأ را پر کرد؛ اما در حیطه تجارت بینالملل نیازمند مقررات متحدالشکل هستیم. پیوستن به کنوانسیون بیع بینالمللی کالا میتواند یکی از راهحلهای پیشنهادی باشد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236790_b3ae1f573ab0da7ae549c58ca338a14f.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122Requirements and Applications of Escrow Accounts: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Laws of Iran and the United Statesالزامات و کاربردهای حسابهای امانی: مقایسهای بر اساس قوانین ایران و آمریکا10712423692110.22034/ejs.2025.509545.2045FAسمانهخیاطیاندکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه عدالت، تهران، ایران0009-0009-9539-5159محمدهادیبیکزادگروه حقوق نفت و گاز، پردیس بینالملل کیش، دانشگاه تهران، جزیره کیش، ایران.0009-0006-9838-5536Journal Article20250501<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Escrow accounts are one of the financial services that are created in the world by escrow agents and as a result of the escrow account contract. Escrow account contract is a secondary contract in which a trusted broker or organized entity as a third party in a financial process of the basic contract, while providing guarantees, solves the problem of mistrust between the parties. The trusted third party, in the form of a financial intermediary, keeps the funds that the parties of an authorized transaction intend to transfer, in order to guarantee the fulfillment of the obligations of the transaction parties. The use of these types of accounts is very common in United States of America has a longer history than the use in Iran. Therefore, by comparative studying the requirements and applications of escrow accounts in the laws and regulations of these two countries, we can benefit from useful experiences to create or modify legal instruments</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Method and Materials</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">: </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Analytical-descriptive method and library sources have been used in this research</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Consideration</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: In present study, the principles of text originality, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: By studying the legal requirements and applications of this type of accounts in the United States of America, expanding and facilitating the use of these accounts in Iran will cause economic growth, especially in the field of small and home businesses, startups, and e-commerce</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Result</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: Considering the wide application and the effect that the use of escrow accounts has in creating transparency and trust between the parties to contracts, the Iranian legislator should explain comprehensive rules and obstacles in the form of Lex-Specialis for this type of accounts.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">حسابهای امانی، یکی از خدمات مالی هستند که در جهان توسط عوامل امانی و در نتیجه قرارداد حساب امانی ایجاد می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">شوند. قرارداد حساب امانی، یک قرارداد ثانویه است که در آن یک کارگزار یا نهاد متشکل مورد اعتماد به عنوان شخص ثالث در یک فرآیند مالی قرارداد پایه، ضمن ارائه تضمین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">هایی، مشکل بی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">اعتمادی بین طرفین را رفع میکند. شخص ثالث مورد اعتماد در قالب یک واسط مالی، وجوهی را که طرفین یک معامله مجاز قصد انتقال آن را دارند، نزد خود به امانت نگاه می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">دارد تا تضمین ایفای تعهدات طرفین معامله باشد. استفاده از این نوع حساب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ها در کشور آمریکا بسیار متداول بوده و از سابقه بیشتری نسبت به استفاده در ایران برخوردار است. بنابراین با مطالعه تطبیقی میان الزامات و کاربردهای حساب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">های امانی در قوانین و مقررات این دو کشور، می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">توان از تجربیات مفید برای ایجاد یا اصلاح ابزارهای قانونی بهره برد.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در این پژوهش از روش تحلیلی-توصیفی و منابع کتابخانه</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ای به استفاده شده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در نگارش مقاله اصالت متون، صداقتداری و امانتداری رعایت شده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> با مطالعه در الزامات قانونی و کاربردهایی که از این قسم از حساب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ها در کشور ایالات متحده آمریکا انجام میشود، گسترش و تسهیل استفاده از این حساب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ها در ایران، باعث رشد اقتصادی به خصوص در زمینه کسب و کارهای کوچک و خانگی، استارت</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">آپ</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">ها و تجارت الکترونیک خواهد بود.</span>
<strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه</span></strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">: به نظر می</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">رسد، با توجه به کاربرد گسترده و اثری که استفاده از حساب</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">های امانی در ایجاد شفافیت و اعتماد میان طرفین قراردادها دارد، باید قانون</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">گذار ایرانی به تبیین قواعدی جامع و مانع در قالب قواعد حقوقی اختصاصی به این نوع از حساب</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">ها اقدام کند.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236921_6b0be6ff1be8fc061447da1a93d50a8d.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122The Tools of the Competition Council in the Regulatory Legal System from the Point of View of Competition Lawابزارهای شورای رقابت در نظام حقوقی کنترلی( تنظیمگری اقتصادی) از منظر حقوق رقابت12514223677710.22034/ejs.2025.472983.1915FAمحسنرئیسیاستادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع)، تهران، ایران.0009-0005-8419-554XJournal Article20240812<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The control legal system is one of the important issues that need to be discussed due to the important economic effects it follows. Accordingly The purpose of this article is to examine the tools of the competition council in economic regulation from the perspective of competition rights</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: The Competition Council as a regulatory body uses various tools. Decomposition of the merger is prohibited; An order to hand over the shares or capital of companies that have illegally acquired the shares of other companies, and an order to amend the articles of association of companies and companies, an order to stop the parties from continuing anti-competitive practices</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 5.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: Although in cases where the merger leads to a strong concentration or the creation of a controlling company in the market, ruling on the dissolution of the merger is the best solution, but in cases where anti-competitive acts occur during the merger or as a result of it, if it can be done in a way Such actions were prevented because of the possible benefits of the merger, a general sentence should not be issued to break it up. On the other hand, according to Article 49 of Iranian law, obtaining the assignment of companies to prohibit or allow the merger they will carry out has an optional aspect.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">نظام حقوقی کنترلی به دلیل آثار مهم اقتصادی که به دنبال دارد، از موضوعات مهمی است که نیازمند بحث و بررسی است. بر همین اساس هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی ابزارهای شورای رقابت در تنظیمگری اقتصادی از منظر حقوق رقابت است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و دادهها نیز کیفی است. </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">شورای رقابت در مقام یک نهاد تنظیمگر از ابزارهای مختلفی استفاده میکند.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>تجزیه ادغام ممنوع صورت گرفته؛ دستور به واگذاری سهام، دستور به اصلاح اساسنامه شرکتها و بنگاهها، دستور به توقف طرفین از ادامه رویههای ضدرقابتی؛ دستور استرداد اضافه درآمد حاصل از رویههای ضدرقابتی و نیز دستور به عدم فعالیت در یک منطقه یا زمینه خاص میگردد. از جمله ابزارهای تنظیمگری شورای رقابت است.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: اگر چه در مواردی که ادغام موجب تمرکز شدید یا منجر به ایجاد بنگاه کنترل کننده در بازار گردد، حکم به تجزیه ادغام صورت گرفته بهترین راهکار است؛ ولی در مواردی که در جریان ادغام یا در نتیجه آن اعمال ضدرقابتی رخ دهد، اگر به طریقی بتوان مانع اینگونه اقدامات گردید به دلیل منافع احتمالی ادغام نباید حکم کلی به تجزیه آن صادر کرد. از طرفی در حقوق ایران مطابق ماده 49 کسب تکلیف بنگاهها به ممنوع و یا مجاز بودن ادغامی که انجام خواهند داد، جنبه اختیاری دارد. حال آنکه اگر این امر جنبه اجباری داشت بنگاهها نیز با اطمینان بیشتر اقدام به تمرکز میکردند و دیگر نگران عواقب احتمالی عمل خود نیز نبودند.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236777_d3c9529dbb3566dabfc19deed3c4c097.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222Economic corruption is an example of corruption on earthافساد اقتصادی مصداق افساد فی الارض14315823685110.22034/ejs.2025.499260.2019FAسید رحمت الهدانش میر کهناستادیار، گروه معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-1434-6198رامینفغانیاستادیار گروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-3522-6750Journal Article20241101<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Corruption on earth is a term that appears in numerous verses of the Holy Quran. An examination of numerous verses shows that any unlawful act that goes beyond the personal aspect and, by taking on a social aspect, disrupts the economic, cultural, political, and ideological order of society is considered corruption on earth. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of considering economic corruption as an example of corruption on earth</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: An examination of the ruling on corruption in the land shows that corruption in the land was an example of war, and therefore the ruling on corruption in the land is murder, crucifixion, exile, or dismemberment. Anyone who, by disrupting or harming the economic system, prevents the Islamic government from achieving the high economic goal set by the lawgiver is considered an economic corruptor</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: Economic corruptors who disrupt the country's economic system are considered proven examples of corruptors on earth, and their punishment, even if the intention to overthrow the government is not proven, is due to the fact that the title of corruptor on earth applies to them and that their actions in any case prevent the government from achieving its economic goals, and in such circumstances, the ground is prepared for the dissatisfaction of the people and the destruction of the government; this is the ruling of corruptors on earth.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">افساد فیالارض واژهای است که در آیات متعدد قرآن کریم وجود دارد. بررسی آیات متعدد نشان می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">دهد که هر عمل حرامی که از جنبه شخصی خارج شده و با جنبه اجتماعی گرفتن به خود نظم اقتصادی، فرهنگی، سیاسی و اعتقادی جامعه را بر هم زد آن عمل افساد فیالارض محسوب میگردد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر امکان</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">سنجی تلقیِ افساد اقتصادی به عنوان مصداقی از افساد فی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">الارض می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشد.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی میباشد و روش جمعآوری اطلاعات بصورت کتابخانهای است و با مراجعه به اسناد، کتب و مقالات صورت گرفته است.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: بررسی حکم مفسد فیالارض نشان میدهد که افساد فیالارض مصداقی از محاربه بوده و لذا حکم مفسد فیالارض قتل، صلب، تبعید و یا قطع است. کسی که با اخلال وخدشه در نظام اقتصادی موجب نرسیدن حکومت اسلامی به هدف عالی اقتصادی تعیین شده از سوی شارع گردد، مفسد اقتصادی محسوب می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">گردد.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانت</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">داری رعایت شده است.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: مفسدان اقتصادی که نظام اقتصادی کشور را به هم می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">زنند از مصادیق محرز مفسد فیالارض محسوب گشته و کیفر آنان حتی در صورت عدم احراز قصد براندازی حکومت به دلیل صدق عنوان مفسد فی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">الارض بر آنان و این که عمل آنان در هر صورت مانع رسیدن حکومت به اهداف اقتصادی خود شده و در چنین شرایطی زمینه برای نارضایتی مردم و انهدام حکومت فراهم میآید؛ همان حکم مفسد فیالارض <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>است.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236851_846137f2ba86865a0be9f46940b03378.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122The Role of the Rules of Justice, Fairness, and Non-Harm in Protecting Citizens' Rights in an Inflationary Economy and Preventing Social Harmنقش قواعد عدل، انصاف و لاضرر در حمایت از حقوق شهروندان در اقتصاد تورمزا و پیشگیری از آسیبهای اجتماعی15917423685410.22034/ejs.2025.528947.2086FAسیدامینخرامگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد رامهرمز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رامهرمز، ایران.ذوالفقارحق پرستگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد دهدشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دهدشت، ایران0009-0008-6867-1261هرمزاسدی کوه بادگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد رامهرمز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رامهرمز، ایران.Journal Article20250315<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">The phenomenon of inflation in the economic environment is one of the important variables in reducing people's purchasing power and increasing people's vulnerability. One of the duties of the Islamic government is to protect citizens in various circumstances; the purpose of the present study is to explain the role of the rules of justice, fairness, and non-harm in the process of protecting citizens by the Islamic government in an inflationary economy</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: This research is theoretical and its research method is descriptive-analytical. Also, the data collection tool in this research is library</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: The Islamic government secures its financial resources through zakat, khums, war booty, kharaj, jizya, and anfal. After securing resources, the government must use these resources to implement economic justice, establish stability in the market, and ultimately provide for the essential needs of the majority of the people and prevent public discontent and dangerous riots. These are among the main factors in creating inflation in the market. The Islamic government must allocate resources in the above order, taking into account the principles of justice, fairness, and non-harm</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: The rules of justice, fairness, and non-harm directly demonstrate the necessity of the Islamic government's intervention in the economy. This intervention is not of the type of government taking over and playing a role in market equilibrium, but rather of the type of intervention to prevent abuse of rights, unfair and unjust competition, and ultimately to protect public order.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">پدیده تورم در فضای اقتصاد یکی از متغیرهای مهم در کاهش توان خرید مردم و افزایش آسیب</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">پذیری مردم است. یکی از وظایف حکومت اسلامی حمایت از شهروندان در شرایط مختلف می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشد؛ هدف از پژوهش حاضر تبیین نقش قواعد عدل، انصاف و لاضرر در فرآیند حمایت از شهروندان از سوی حکومت اسلامی در اقتصاد تورم</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">زا می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشد.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">: </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده و روش تحقیق آن به صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی میباشد. همچنین ابزار جمعآوری اطلاعات در این پزوهش، کتابخانهای است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: حکومت اسلامی از طریق زکات، خمس، غنیمتهاى جنگى، خراج، جزیه، انفال منابع مالی خود را تأمین می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">کند. پس از تأمین منابع، حکومت باید منابع مزبور برای اجراى عدالت اقتصادى، برقرارى ثبات در بازار و در نهایت تهیه نیازمندىهاى ضروری اکثریّت مردم و جلوگیرى از نارضایتى عامّه و شورشهاى خطرساز به کارگیرد. این موارد از جمله عوامل اصلی در ایجاد تورم در بازار محسوب می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">شوند. حکومت اسلامی می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">بایست تخصیص منابع به ترتیب فوق را با در نظر گرفتن اصول عدل، انصاف و لاضرر انجام دهد.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانت</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">داری رعایت شده است.</span>
<strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه</span></strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">: قواعد عدل، انصاف و لاضرر به صورت مستقیم ضرورت مداخله حکومت اسلامی در اقتصاد را نشان میدهد. مداخله مزبور نه از نوع تصدی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">گری و نقش</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">آفرینی دولت در توازن بازار، بلکه از نوع مداخله جهت جلوگیری از سوءاستفاده از حق، رقابت غیرعادلانه و غیرمنصفانه و در نهایت حفاظت از نظم عمومی می</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">باشد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236854_38a2445a8aec468114f234f05db96668.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222Considerations on the Crime of Disrupting the Economic System Through Cryptocurrenciesملاحظاتی بر بزه اخلال در نظام اقتصادی از طریق رمزارزها17519023685510.22034/ejs.2025.531888.2093FAالهاماسحاقیگروه حقوق، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران0009-0000-3573-9268محمدمصدقگروه حقوق، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0009-0006-7524-2305محمودحبیبی تبارگروه حقوق، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران.0000-0002-8947-7926Journal Article20250328<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">With the increasing penetration of the virtual world into human life, a type of virtual money was also created. In the same short time, cryptocurrencies, also called virtual money, penetrated the trading markets. Cryptocurrencies are considered a new type of digital technology. Materials and Methods: This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative, and receipts were used to collect materials and data.</span><br><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">This article is descriptive-analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative, and questionnaires were used to collect the materials and data.</span><br><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been respected.</span><br><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Finding</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: Due to the lack of recognition of cryptocurrencies and lack of sufficient familiarity with them, cryptocurrency crimes such as some frauds, phishing, etc. have emerged. One of these crimes, the lack of attention to which may lead to the formation of an economic, social, and judicial crisis in Iran, is the crime of disrupting the country's economic order through cryptocurrencies.</span><br><span style="font-size: 6.0pt;"> </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Result</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: Due to the lack of recognition of cryptocurrencies and lack of sufficient familiarity with them, cryptocurrency crimes such as some frauds, phishing, etc. have emerged. One of these crimes, the lack of attention to which may lead to the formation of an economic, social, and judicial crisis in Iran, is the crime of disrupting the country's economic order through cryptocurrencies.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">با نفوذ هرچه بیشتر دنیای مجازی در زندگی بشر، نوعی از پول مجازی هم ایجاد شد؛ در همین زمان کوتاه رمزارزها که پول مجازی نیز نام دارند در بازارهای معاملاتی نفوذ کردند. رمزارزها نوع جدیدی از فناوریهای دیجیتال محسوب میشوند</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">مقاله حاضر توصیفی تحلیلی است. مواد و دادهها نیز کیفی است و از فیشبرداری در گردآوری مطالب و دادهها استفادهشده است.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در این مقاله، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شدهاست. </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">با توجه به عدم به رسمیت شناخته نشدن رمزارزها و عدم آشنایی کافی با آن، جرایم رمزارزی مانند برخی کلاهبرداریها، فیشینگها و ... به منصه ظهور رسیده است. یکی از این جرایم که ممکن است عدم توجه به آن موجب شکل گیری بحران اقتصادی و اجتماعی و قضایی در جامعه ایران گردد، بزه اخلال در نظم اقتصادی کشور از طریق رمزارزها میباشد.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: شمول قانون اخلالگران در نظام اقتصادی مخصوصا بند الف آن بر رفتارهای مجرمانه ناشی از رمز ارز بسیار دشوار میباشد که رمزارزها در تاریخ کنونی از این شمولیت خارج بوده و موضوعیت ندارند. چنانچه اشخاص حقوقی یا حقیقی مبادرت به وصول رمزارزها به صورت قبول سپرده تحت عنوان مضاربه و نظایر آن که موجب حیف و میل اموال مردم یا اخلال در نظام اقتصادی شود، به اتهام ارتکاب اخلال در نظام اقتصادی کشور قابلیت تعقیب داشته.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236855_d8d8a488f6244d2df7d62c5c94069a01.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122Examining the Sanctions on the Central Bank from the Perspective of International Law with Emphasis on the Certain Iranian Assets judgmentبررسی تحریم بانک مرکزی از منظر حقوق بین الملل با تاکید بر رای برخی اموال ایران19120823685710.22034/ejs.2025.534714.2100FAتکتمخلوصی بایگیگروه حقوق بین الملل، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.مجتبیاصغریانگروه حقوق بینالملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.زیباصادقیگروه حقوق بین الملل، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20250505<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The United States, the European Union, have imposed sanctions on the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and frozen its assets, which has had a negative impact on the Iranian economy<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span> This study seeks to examine the legitimacy of the Central Bank sanctions from the perspective of international law<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span></span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Material and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: This article uses an analytical and descriptive method and the tool used is library research.</span>
<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Ethical Consideration</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> In writing this article, documented referencing and trustworthiness have been the basis.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Central Bank has immunity based on customary international law as well as international investment law standards.</span>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bilateral investment treaties can provide the necessary legal basis for challenging central bank sanctions in international courts for violating the provisions on expropriation, protection of freedom of trade, and standards of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>national treatment, fair and equitable treatment and full protection and security. In addition, the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property grants special immunity to central bank property and has a customary character.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> ایالات متحده آمریکا و اتحادیه اروپا<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>اقدام به تحریم بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران و مسدود کردن اموال آن نمودهاند؛ که این امر تأثیرات منفی بر اقتصاد ایران گذاشته است. پژوهش حاضر درصدد است عدم مشروعیت تحریم بانک مرکزی را از منظر حقوق بینالملل بررسی نماید.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 6.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روشها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">مقاله حاضر از روش تحلیلی و توصیفی بهره برده و ابزار انجام آن پژوهش کتابخانهای است.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در نگارش مقاله حاضر، ارجاع دهی مستند و امانتداری مبنا قرارگرفته است. </span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 5.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافتهها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">بانک مرکزی بر اساس حقوق بینالملل عرفی و همچنین موازین حقوق بینالملل سرمایهگذاری دارای مصونیت است.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 6.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه</span></strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">: معاهدات دو جانبه سرمایهگذاری میتوانند مبنای حقوقی لازم را برای طرح دعوا بابت تحریم بانک مرکزی در دواریهای بینالمللی به دلیل نقض بندهای مربوط به سلب مالکیت، حمایت از آزادی تجارت و استانداردهای رفتار ملی، رفتار عادلانه و منصفانه<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>و حمایت و امنیت کامل فراهم آورد. علاوه بر آن کنوانسیون سازمان ملل متحد درباره مصونیت قضایی دولتها و اموال آنها<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>مصونیت خاص به اموال بانک مرکزی اعطا نموده و دارای ویژگی عرفی میباشد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236857_dbfcdc5971638ec513268b5ed692e261.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222The Appropriate law Governing Money and the Fulfillment of Monetary Obligations According to the Rules of Islamic Lawقانون مناسب حاکم بر پول و ایفای تعهدات پولی مطابق قواعد حقوق اسلامی20922623675910.22034/ejs.2024.467435.1869FAزهراصبریدانشجوی دکتری، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، پردیس بین المللی ارس دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایرانعلیرضاباریکلواستاد، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-9830-8710Journal Article20250404<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">It is a matter to facilitate transactions and meet the needs identified by rational people. But gradually over time, the approach of the capitalist system put forward money as a tool of economic control, making its circulation and distribution the monopoly of the government. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical way, the assignment of the authority to issue money to the government has been examined in the framework of general rules, according to the rules of Islamic law</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Materials and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: This research is of a theoretical type and has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Results</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: The capitalist system's approach to money is facing a problem, and in developing countries, the problem is more acute, because inefficient governments hide their management weakness by printing money without support. On the one hand, this causes the cost of running the country to rise, and on the other hand, it causes the spread of poverty in the society</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: Considering the calendrical-scale function, the property that can be acquired and the means of payment of money, special laws must govern the publication and circulation of money in order to ensure transactional justice.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Lotus';"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">پول موضوعی برای تسهیل معاملات و رفع نیازهای مورد شناسایی عقلاء است؛ اما به تدریج درگذر زمان، رویکرد سیستم سرمایه داری، پول را<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>به عنوان ابزار کنترل اقتصادی مطرح، نشر و نحو گردش آن را<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>در انحصار دولت قرار داد. در این مقاله به روش توصیفی و تحلیلی، واگذاری اختیار نشر پول به دولت در چارچوب قواعد عام، مطابق قواعد حقوق اسلامی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده و به روش توصیفی </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">–</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در تحقیق حاضر، اصل امانتداری، صداقت، بی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">طرفی و اصالت اثر رعایت شده است. </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">رویکرد سیستم سرمایهداری به پول، با مشکل مواجهه است و در کشورهای در حال توسعه، مشکل آن حادتر است، چون دولت</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">های ناکارآمد با چاپ پول بدون پشتوانه ضعف مدیریتی خود را نهان می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">کنند، این از طرفی موجب بالا رفتن هزینه اداره کشور و از طرف دیگر، موجب گسترش فقر در جامعه می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">شود.</span>
<strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">نتیجه</span></strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">: با توجه به کارکرد تقویمی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">– </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">میزانی، مال قابل تملک و وسیله پرداختی پول، بر نشر و گردش پول بایستی قوانین خاص حاکم شود تا عدالت معاملی تأمین گردد</span><strong><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;">.</span></strong>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236759_bcde59257996904015511e3a726af8d3.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222Principles of Public Economic Law within the Framework of Iranian Law, International Documents and Imami Jurisprudenceاصول حقوق عمومی اقتصادی در چارچوب حقوق ایران، اسناد بینالمللی و فقه امامیه22724023685810.22034/ejs.2025.538838.2111FAاحمداعتمادگروه حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.0009-0005-6499-1303جابرقاسمیگروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.0009-0008-6662-5667رضازیرائیگروه حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.0000-0003-2522-4679Journal Article20250803<strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Today, the global economic chain has connected the domestic economies of countries to each other; this connection explains the necessity of convergence and alignment in economic systems. The purpose of the present study is to explain the principles of public economic law in Iranian law, international documents, and Imami jurisprudence</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Materials and Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;"> Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Findings</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: Protection of private property, proportionality, freedom of trade, equality, and competition are among the principles of public economic law that have been mentioned within the framework of Iranian law, international documents, and Imami jurisprudence</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: The principles of general economic law differ in terms of scope, examples, and definitions in the Iranian legal environment, international documents, and Imami jurisprudence; but this difference does not constitute a conflict. Convergence between Iranian law and international documents, relying on new jurisprudential developments through the redefinition of the aforementioned principles, is possible and necessary for the promotion and economic development of Iran.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 15.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">امروزه زنجیره اقتصاد در سطح جهانی، اقتصاد داخلی کشورها را به یکدیگر متصل نموده است؛ این اتصال ضرورت همگرایی و همسویی را در نظام</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">های اقتصادی تبیین می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">کند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تبیین اصول حقوق عمومی اقتصادی در حقوق ایران، اسناد بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی و فقه امامیه می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشد.</span><br><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 6.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی میباشد و روش جمعآوری اطلاعات بصورت کتابخانهای است و با مراجعه به اسناد، کتب و مقالات صورت گرفته است.</span><br><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 5.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">حمایت از مالکیت خصوصی، تناسب، آزادی تجارت، برابری و رقابت از جمله اصول حقوق عمومی اقتصادی می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشد که در چارچوب حقوق ایران، اسناد بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی و فقه امامیه مورد اشاره قرار گرفته</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">اند.</span><br><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانت</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">داری رعایت شده است.</span><br><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 6.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: اصول حقوق عمومی اقتصادی از حیث قلمرو، مصادیق و تعاریف در فضای حقوق ایران، اسناد بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی و فقه امامیه متفاوت می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشند؛ اما این تفاوت در قامت تعارض نیست. همگرایی میان حقوق ایران و اسناد بین</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">المللی با تکیه بر تحولات جدید فقهی از طریق بازتعریف اصول مزبور، امری ممکن</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">الحصول و ضروری در جهت ارتقاء و توسعه اقتصادی ایران می</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">باشد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236858_e773f48644524615957e1e4173cf45df.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251122Analysis of Property Recovery in the Preliminary Investigation and Prosecution Stageواکاوی استرداد مال در مرحله تحقیقات مقدماتی و دادسرا24125623685010.22034/ejs.2025.549659.2127FAمصطفیقلی پور زرین کلاییگروه حقوق کیفری و جرم شناسی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران.0009-0001-3636-8232ابوالحسنشاکریگروه حقوق کیفری و جرم شناسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.0000-0002-3286-3172سید رضااحسانپورگروه حقوق کیفری و جرمشناسی، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران.0000-0001-9135-3968Journal Article20250813<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-size: 15.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The context and purpose of this research is to examine the challenges and legal and practical solutions to property restitution at the preliminary investigation and prosecution stages</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: This research is of a theoretical type and has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Results</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: For crimes such as betrayal of trust, where the law does not explicitly refer to the return of property, a new procedure can be created by citing Article 148 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 215 of the Islamic Penal Code. This procedure allows judges to issue an order to forfeit the actual property seized in addition to the main punishment</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Lotus';">.</span>
<strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: The legal vacuum in forfeiting property in financial crimes forces victims to lengthy legal proceedings. To address this challenge, judges can issue an order to forfeit the actual property seized, citing Article 148 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 215 of the Islamic Penal Code, in order to reduce the time and complexity of the proceedings. Of course, this order only includes the actual property and does not include the forfeiture of the like or price, except with the new law.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">زمینه و هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی چالشها و راهکارهای قانونی و عملی استرداد مال در مرحله تحقیقات مقدماتی و دادسر است.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده و به روش توصیفی </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">–</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. </span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 7.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">در تحقیق حاضر، اصل امانتداری، صداقت، بی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">طرفی و اصالت اثر رعایت شده است. </span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">برای جرایمی مانند خیانت در امانت که قانون صراحتاً به رد مال اشاره نکرده، میتوان با استناد به ماده ۱۴۸ آیین دادرسی کیفری و ماده ۲۱۵ قانون مجازات اسلامی، رویهای نوین ایجاد کرد. این رویه به قضات اجازه میدهد علاوه بر مجازات اصلی، حکم به رد عین مال کشف شده را نیز صادر کنند.</span>
<span lang="FA" style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;"> </span>
<strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: خلاء قانونی در رد مال در جرایم مالی، بزه دیدگان را به دعاوی حقوقی طولانی وادار میکند. برای رفع این چالش، قضات میتوانند با استناد به ماده ۱۴۸ آیین دادرسی کیفری و ماده ۲۱۵ قانون مجازات اسلامی، حکم به رد عین مال کشف شده را صادر کنند تا زمان و پیچیدگی دادرسی کاهش یابد. البته، این حکم فقط شامل عین مال است و شامل رد مثل یا قیمت نمیشود مگر با قانون جدید.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_236850_1841e03a5e3279e247bd8fccfebe0192.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222Regulation of labor Relations in Afghanistan and Iran With Emphasis on Decent Work Principlesتنظیم گری روابط کار در افغانستان و ایران با تأکید بر اصول کار شایسته25727523875710.22034/ejs.2026.556857.2141FAنجمانمسعودیدانشجوی دکتری، گروه حقوق عمومی، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-7763-594Xمهدیشعبان نیا منصوراستادیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-7763-594Xبابکباصریاستادیار، گروه حقوق عمومی، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایرانJournal Article20250815<strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #002060;">Background and </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: #002060;">Aims</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">This research conducts a comparative study of the labor relations regulatory system in Afghanistan and Iran, focusing on the principles of "decent work" from the perspective of the International Labor Organization.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Methods</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: This research is theoretical and has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Ethical Considerations</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: In the present study, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, impartiality, and originality of the work have been observed. </span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Results</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: Both countries have relatively comprehensive legal frameworks in the field of labor relations; in Afghanistan, the Labor Law of 1387 and its supplementary regulations are the main basis for regulating labor relations. Despite legal provisions on employment contracts, working hours, safety, leave, and the prohibition of child labor, severe weaknesses in the monitoring system, a shortage of labor inspectors, administrative concentration in Kabul, and the exclusion of some women from the labor market have hindered the realization of decent work principles. High unemployment rates, the spread of informal employment, and the lack of effective labor organizations are among the most important obstacles to the effectiveness of this system. In Iran, the regulatory system is based on the Constitution and the “Labor Law of 1369” and has a broader institutional structure. The Ministry of Cooperation, Labor, and Social Welfare, the Dispute Resolution and Resolution Boards, the Islamic Labor Councils, and the Labor Inspection Organization are among the main institutions of this system.</span><br><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: #002060;">Conclusion</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">: Afghanistan faces institutional and administrative weaknesses, while Iran faces structural challenges and centralization. Both systems are far from fully realizing the components of decent work – including productive employment, social protection, effective social dialogue, and equal opportunities. Therefore, reforming supervisory structures, strengthening labor organizations, accession to the fundamental ILO Conventions, and enhancing administrative transparency are essential requirements for achieving effective and fair regulation of labor relations in both countries.</span><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">این پژوهش به بررسی تطبیقی نظام تنظیمگری روابط کار در افغانستان و ایران با تمرکز بر اصول «کار شایسته» از منظر سازمان بینالمللی کار میپردازد.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده و به روش توصیفی </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">–</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">در تحقیق حاضر، اصل امانتداری، صداقت، بی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">طرفی و اصالت اثر رعایت شده است. </span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #002060;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;"> </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">هر دو کشور دارای چارچوبهای قانونی نسبتاً جامع در حوزه روابط کار هستند، در افغانستان، قانون کار ۱۳۸۷ و مقررات تکمیلی آن، مبنای اصلی تنظیمگری روابط کار است. با وجود پیشبینیهای قانونی درباره قرارداد کار، ساعات کار، ایمنی، مرخصی، و منع کار کودک، ضعف شدید در نظام نظارت، کمبود بازرسان کار، تمرکز اداری در کابل، و حذف برخی زنان از بازار کار، مانع تحقق اصول کار شایسته شده است. نرخ بالای بیکاری، گسترش اشتغال غیررسمی، و نبود تشکلهای کارگری مؤثر از مهمترین موانع کارآمدی این نظام به شمار میرود. در ایران، نظام تنظیمگری بر پایه قانون اساسی و «قانون کار مصوب ۱۳۶۹» استوار است و از ساختار نهادی گستردهتری برخوردار میباشد. وزارت تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی، هیأتهای تشخیص و حل اختلاف، شوراهای اسلامی کار و سازمان بازرسی کار از نهادهای اصلی این نظاماند.</span><br><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #002060;">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">: افغانستان با مشکل ضعف نهادی و اجرایی روبهروست، در حالی که ایران با چالشهای ساختاری و تمرکزگرایی مواجه است. هر دو نظام در تحقق کامل مؤلفههای کار شایسته ـ شامل اشتغال مولد، حمایت اجتماعی، گفتوگوی اجتماعی مؤثر و برابری فرصتها ـ فاصله چشمگیری دارند. بنابراین، اصلاح ساختارهای نظارتی، تقویت تشکلهای کارگری، الحاق به مقاولهنامههای بنیادین </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">ILO</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; color: #171717; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> و ارتقاء شفافیت اجرایی از الزامات اساسی برای تحقق تنظیمگری مؤثر و عادلانه روابط کار در هر دو کشور است.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_238757_02c40b74c60730096807c63e321f445e.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222Reconstruction of the Concept of the Essential Implication of the Contract of Sale and Its Role in the Validity of Conditions: An Analysis Based on Imami Jurisprudence and Articles 233 and 338 of the Civil Codeبازسازی مفهوم مقتضای ذات عقد بیع و نقش آن در اعتبار شروط: تحلیلی بر مبنای فقه امامیه و مواد 233 و 338 قانون مدنی27729424381110.22034/ejs.2026.577667.2167FAصمدشورچهگروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.0009-0002-2258-1822Journal Article20250730<strong><span>Background and </span></strong><strong><span>Aims</span></strong><span>:</span><span> </span><span>The context of this study lies in the tension between the principle of freedom of contract and the limitation arising from conditions that contradict the essential implication of a contract. In practice, this issue has created ambiguity in the interpretation of legal provisions, particularly Articles 233 and 338 of the Civil Code. The main objective of this research is to analytically reconstruct this concept and to provide a clear criterion for identifying conditions that are incompatible with the nature of a contract of sale.</span>
<strong><span>Materials and Methods</span></strong><strong><span>: </span></strong><span>This is a theoretical study conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through library-based research.</span>
<strong><span>Ethical Considerations</span></strong><strong><span>: </span></strong><span>In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.</span>
<strong><span>Findings</span></strong><strong><span>:</span></strong><span> </span><span>Sources of Imami jurisprudence and contemporary legal analyses indicate that the core element of a contract of sale is the actual transfer of ownership of a specific property in exchange for a definite consideration. Many disagreements stem from conflating the essential implication of the contract with its customary effects or consequences. The study also shows that not all contractual limitations necessarily contradict the essential implication of the contract; rather, only those conditions that negate the transfer of ownership or fundamentally alter the nature of the contract fall into this category.</span>
<strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong><strong><span>:</span></strong><span> </span><span>By offering a precise and narrow interpretation of the essential implication of the contract of sale, it is possible to preserve the nature of the contract while strengthening the validity of contractual conditions and reducing interpretative ambiguities in Iranian civil law.</span><strong><span lang="FA">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA"> </span><span lang="FA">زمینه طرح این پژوهش حاضر، تعارض میان اصل آزادی قراردادی و محدودیت ناشی از شروط مخالف مقتضای ذات عقد است که در عمل موجب ابهام در تفسیر مقررات قانونی، بهویژه در مواد ۲۳۳ و 338 قانون مدنی شده است. هدف اصلی تحقیق، بازسازی تحلیلی این مفهوم و ارائه معیاری روشن برای تشخیص شروط ناسازگار با ماهیت عقد بیع است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA">مواد و روش ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA"> </span><span lang="FA">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی میباشد و روش جمعآوری اطلاعات بصورت کتابخانهای است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong><span lang="FA"> </span><span lang="FA">در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA">یافته ها:</span></strong><span lang="FA"> </span><span lang="FA">در منابع فقه امامیه و تحلیلهای حقوقی معاصر، عنصر اصلی عقد بیع تحقق تملیک واقعی عین در برابر عوض معلوم است و بسیاری از اختلافها ناشی از خلط میان مقتضای ذات عقد و آثار یا لوازم عرفی آن است. همچنین مشخص شد که همه محدودیتهای قراردادی لزوماً مخالف مقتضای ذات عقد نیستند، بلکه تنها شروطی که اصل انتقال مالکیت را نفی یا ماهیت عقد را دگرگون میکنند در این دسته قرار میگیرند.</span>
<strong><span lang="FA">نتیجه</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA">:</span></strong><span lang="FA"> </span><span lang="FA">با ارائه تفسیری مضیق و دقیق از مقتضای ذات عقد بیع میتوان ضمن حفظ ماهیت عقد، دامنه اعتبار شروط قراردادی را تقویت و ابهامهای تفسیری موجود در حقوق مدنی ایران را کاهش داد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_243811_9c98db4070f45ee70d765fac256b1c6d.pdfانجمن علمی حقوق بشر اسلامی ایرانفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فقه اقتصادی2676-71637420251222The Role of the State in Preventing and Compensating Damages Arising from Collapse or Crisis in Stock Markets within the Framework of Iranian and French Lawنقش دولت در پیشگیری و جبران خسارات ناشی از فروپاشی یا بحران در بازارهای بورس در چارچوب حقوق ایران و فرانسه29531224544210.22034/ejs.2026.582662.2173FAوحیدفرهانیانگروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.0009-0007-6932-298Xساراآخوندیگروه فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.0009-0001-4387-6796Journal Article20250704<strong>Background and </strong><strong>Aims</strong>: Stock markets play a fundamental role in modern economies by mobilizing financial resources, directing investment, and promoting economic growth. The objective of this study is to clarify the scope of the state’s role in preventing crises and compensating damages resulting from the collapse of capital markets within the frameworks of Iranian and French law, and to examine whether the state acts as an absolute guarantor of investors’ losses or merely performs a supervisory role<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span><br><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This research is theoretical in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical method<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span><br><strong>Ethical Considerations:</strong> Throughout all stages of this research, the principles of academic integrity, honesty, and respect for the originality of sources have been observed<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span><br><strong>Findings</strong>: The findings indicate that in both legal systems the general principle is the absence of a governmental guarantee for losses arising from the natural risks of the market. State liability can only be considered when fault in supervision, legislation, or harmful intervention is established. However, in France, due to the greater independence of the supervisory authority and the coherent framework of administrative liability, the boundary between market risk and governmental fault is more clearly defined. In Iran, by contrast, legal ambiguities and the influence of the government in economic policymaking tend to blur this boundary<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span><br><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results suggest that strengthening independent supervisory institutions, reforming the rules governing state liability, and designing compensation mechanisms with non governmental funding sources can help establish a balance between investor protection and the risk bearing nature of capital markets.<strong><span lang="FA">زمینه و هدف:</span></strong><span lang="FA"> بازارهای بورس در اقتصاد معاصر نقشی اساسی در تجهیز منابع، هدایت سرمایه و تقویت رشد اقتصادی ایفا میکنند. هدف این پژوهش، تبیین حدود نقش دولت در پیشگیری از بحران و جبران خسارات ناشی از فروپاشی بازار سرمایه در چارچوب حقوق ایران و فرانسه و بررسی این پرسش است که آیا دولت ضامن مطلق زیانهاست یا صرفاً وظیفه نظارتی دارد.</span><br><br><strong><span lang="FA">مواد و روش</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA">ها:</span></strong> <span lang="FA">این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده و روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی میباشد.</span><br><br><strong><span lang="FA">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></strong> <span lang="FA">در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانت</span><span lang="FA"></span><span lang="FA">داری رعایت شده است.</span><br><br><strong><span lang="FA"> یافته</span></strong><strong><span lang="FA"></span></strong><strong><span lang="FA">ها:</span></strong> <span lang="FA">یافتهها نشان میدهد که در هر دو نظام، اصل بر عدم تضمین دولتی زیانهای ناشی از ریسک طبیعی بازار است و مسئولیت دولت تنها در صورت احراز تقصیر در نظارت، قانونگذاری یا مداخله زیانبار قابل تصور است. با این حال، در فرانسه به دلیل استقلال بیشتر نهاد ناظر و چارچوب منسجم مسئولیت اداری، مرز میان ریسک بازار و تقصیر حاکمیتی روشنتر ترسیم شده است، در حالی که در ایران ابهام قانونی و نفوذ دولت در سیاستگذاری اقتصادی، این مرز را تضعیف کرده است.</span><br><br><strong><span lang="FA">نتیجه</span></strong><span lang="FA">: نتیجه پژوهش آن است که تقویت نهاد ناظر مستقل، اصلاح قواعد مسئولیت دولت و طراحی سازوکارهای </span><span lang="FA">جبران خسارت با منشأ غیر دولتی، میتواند به تعادل میان حمایت از سرمایهگذاران و حفظ ماهیت ریسکپذیر بازار سرمایه بینجامد.</span>https://journal.ihrci.ir/article_245442_7dbd150d97598b6b98f85e0483242704.pdf